Magnetic reconstruction of the Gd(0001) surface

The surface magnetism of Gd(0001) films is studied using spin resolved electron spectroscopies. Both a canted surface magnetization vector out of the plane of the film and an enhanced surface magnetic ordering temperature 60±2 K higher than the bulk Curie temperature are observed. Our results show that the surface magnetic layer behaves as a separate entity from the bulk. The in-plane component of surface magnetization aligns ferromagnetically to the bulk. Spin resolved photoemission from the Gd 4f core levels shows 65% spin polarization at 150 K, which extrapolates to 91% at 0 K. © 1993 The American Physical Society.