A study of madelung potential effects in the ESCA spectra of the metal oxides

Madelung potentials, assuming the normal oxidation states of the ions involved, have been calculated within the point-charge approximation for most of the common metal oxides, and an empirical expression has been found for obtaining these potentials to a high degree of accuracy. Using these potentials and core binding-energy shifts of the free ions [1], calculated and experimental ESCA spectra have been compared. Deficiencies of the simple Madelung-potential model are discussed, and trends in the ionicity of the oxides are obtained. © 1980.